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In related experiments 15, long-term effects of music were studied in groups of pre-school children aged 3-4 years who were given keyboard music lessons for six months, during which time they studied pitch intervals, fingering techniques, sight reading, musical notation and playing from memory. The original experiments on adults exposed to Mozart's music were of short duration only. It is suggested, therefore, that listening to music would prime the activation of those areas of the brain which are concerned with spatial reasoning. The results show that the areas activated include the prefrontal, temporal and precuneus regions which overlap with those involved in music processing. Appreciation of metre does not appear to show hemispheric preference.īrain areas concerned with mental imaging as tested by spatial temporal tasks (such as the building of three-dimensional cube assemblies in sequence) were also mapped by PET scanning 14. Rhythm and pitch discrimination are processed mainly in the left hemisphere whereas timbre and melody are found chiefly in the right.
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These range from the prefrontal cortex and superior temporal gyrus to the precuneus of the parietal lobe, with much interconnection of the different networks activated 11, 12, 13. The primary auditory area lies classically in the transverse and superior temporal gyri, but particular components of musical appreciation involving rhythm, pitch, metre, melody, and timbre are processed in many different areas of the brain. Techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance scanning, together with studies on localized brain lesions, have shown that listening to music activates a wide distribution of brain areas. There have been many studies on the localization of music perception. LOCALIZATION OF MUSIC PERCEPTION AND SPATIAL IMAGING WITHIN THE BRAINĪn explanation for the results obtained after listening to music may lie in the manner in which music and spatial imaging are processed within the brain. The Mozart group completed the maze test significantly more quickly and with fewer errors ( P <0.01) than the other three groups thus, enjoyment and musical appreciation is unlikely to have been the basis of the improvement 10. This interpretation is countered by animal experiments in which separate groups of rats were exposed, in utero followed by a postpartum period of 60 days, to Mozart's piano sonata K448, to minimalist music by the composer Philip Glass, to white noise or to silence and then tested for their ability to negotiate a maze.
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So, does the Mozart effect exist? The generality of the original positive findings has been criticized on the grounds that any Mozart effect is due to `enjoyment arousal' occasioned by this particular music and would not take place in the absence of its appreciation. However, Rauscher has stressed that the Mozart effect is limited to spatial temporal reasoning and that there is no enhancement of general intelligence some of the negative results, she thinks, may have been due to inappropriate test procedures 9. Some investigators were unable to reproduce the findings 2, 3, 4 but others confirmed that listening to Mozart's sonata K448 produced a small increase in spatial-temporal performance, as measured by various tests derived from the Stanford-Binet scale such as paper-cutting and folding procedures 5, 6, 7 or pencil-and-paper maze tasks 8. The enhancing effect did not extend beyond 10-15 minutes. The mean spatial IQ scores were 8 and 9 points higher after listening to the music than in the other two conditions. 1 made the surprising claim that, after listening to Mozart's sonata for two pianos (K448) for 10 minutes, normal subjects showed significantly better spatial reasoning skills than after periods of listening to relaxation instructions designed to lower blood pressure or silence.